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If you want to ensure the lender can't take the car from you after Chapter 7, you'll enter into a new contract by "reaffirming the car loan."
Not Sure What to Expect in Bankruptcy?Most people need a car to travel to work, school, and medical appointments. If they lost their vehicle, many wouldn't have a way to buy another.
A reaffirmation agreement can help you maintain transportation after Chapter 7 bankruptcy. It stops a lender from taking the vehicle if you're paying as agreed.
It depends. Some lenders will allow you to continue paying the loan without entering into a reaffirmation agreement. The benefit? Without a contract, you wouldn't be responsible for paying anything if you couldn't continue making payments.
Here's what that would look like: You'd stop making payments, the lender would collect the car in whatever condition it might be in, and you'd walk away with no further liability.
Without a payment contract, the lender could repossess the car at any time, even if you continued making monthly amounts and remained current. Also, you wouldn't benefit from timely payments because the lender wouldn't report payments to credit bureaus.
You'll sign a new contract with the lender on the same terms as before. The new contract is known as a "reaffirmation agreement" because in the new contract, you "reaffirm" or agree to continue paying for the car as if you hadn't filed for bankruptcy.
Although most reaffirmation agreements' principal and interest payments remain unchanged, you could negotiate better terms or even roll late payments into the amount owed. However, the lender isn't obligated to work with you.
Not everyone qualifies for a reaffirmation agreement. You'll want to do these things to check whether you can make it work.
If you can't satisfy a step, consider learning about other Chapter 7 bankruptcy car options.
If you can't protect all of your vehicle equity with a bankruptcy exemption, you'll end up with a small amount of cash instead of your car at the end of the case. Why? Because when you file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, you're allowed to keep or "exempt" only the things your state believes you'll need to work and live. The trustee assigned to your case sells any "nonexempt" property for the benefit of your creditors.
You can use exemptions to protect vehicle equity. However, bankruptcy exemptions aren't always sufficient to fully cover a car's equity. In that case, the Chapter 7 bankruptcy trustee might let you pay the nonexempt portion and keep the car. If not, the trustee will sell the car, give you the exemption amount, and pay creditors what remains after deducting sales costs and the trustee's fee.
When reviewing your state exemptions, you'll want to determine how much equity the "motor vehicle" exemption will let you keep. Check for a "wildcard" exemption if it isn't enough. Also, some states allow filers to use the federal bankruptcy exemptions if they're more advantageous. Whichever set you choose, you must use it exclusively.
If you can't protect your equity and would lose the car to the trustee, there's no reason to continue the analysis. If you can overcome this hurdle and are making car payments, there's more to do.
When you file for Chapter 7 while behind on your car loan, your bankruptcy lawyer can't guarantee you'll be able to keep the vehicle. So if you're hoping to avoid losing the car by asking the lender to restructure your loan in a reaffirmation agreement, you should understand the lender isn't obligated to and could decide to repossess your car instead.
The lender's options include asking the judge to "lift the automatic stay" to allow the lender to pursue repossession or waiting to repossess the car after the case ends. By contrast, if your payment is current, the bankruptcy judge won't lift the stay unless you're breaking some other loan term.
You also must keep your car payment current after filing for bankruptcy to avoid repossession because even though Chapter 7 erases the lender's right to the car payment, Chapter 7 doesn't erase the lender's lien against your car.
A lien gives the lender the right to recover the vehicle if you fall behind on your payments—even if you file for bankruptcy. If you decide not to pay, the lender will use the lien rights to pick up the car.
You can streamline the process by voluntarily giving the lender the car and walking away with no debt. But if you want to keep it, you must agree to continue paying for it even though Chapter 7 will erase the car loan.
Here's where it gets interesting. Most lenders want your money, not the car, and will let you keep the car after Chapter 7 if you keep paying and stay current. What you do will depend on your credit score needs and risk tolerance.
The benefit of paying without a contract is if the vehicle is damaged, breaks down, or you don't want it anymore, you can give it back and walk away. However, the lender can take back the vehicle at any time. Also, the lender won't report timely payments to credit bureaus.
The primary problem with signing a reaffirmation agreement is you'll still have a car loan after bankruptcy. You'll lose the Chapter 7 benefit of eliminating your car loan by signing the reaffirmation agreement. If you miss payments and the lender repossesses the car, you'll be liable for any deficiency balance remaining after the lender sells it at auction.
Some of the benefits of a reaffirmation agreement include the following:
Example. Chloe reaffirmed the loan on her car in Chapter 7. Six months after her Chapter 7 discharge, Chloe defaulted on her payments. When the lender repossessed the car, Chloe owed $10,000. The lender sold the car at auction for $6,000 and incurred $300 in auction fees. Chloe is responsible for the $4,000 deficiency balance plus the auction fees.
To reaffirm a car loan, you must be able to show the court that the vehicle is necessary and that the payment is reasonable. You must also demonstrate that the car payment isn't an undue hardship on your household and that you'd be able to afford the necessities of life.
One of the benefits of talking with a local bankruptcy attorney is the lawyer can explain the possibility of negotiating favorable terms as part of the reaffirmation agreement. Also, a bankruptcy lawyer can attest to your ability to afford the monthly car payment, which will allow you to avoid attending a reaffirmation agreement hearing in front of the bankruptcy judge.
Did you know Nolo has been making the law easy for over fifty years? It's true—and we want to make sure you find what you need. Below you'll find more articles explaining how bankruptcy works. And don't forget that our bankruptcy homepage is the best place to start if you have other questions!
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